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National Invasive Species Information Center
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Home / Terrestrial Invasives / Terrestrial Plants / Yellow Toadflax

Yellow Toadflax

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Dalmatian Toadflax
Yellow toadflax, flower - Photo by Wendy VanDyk Evans
Scientific Name: 
Linaria vulgaris Mill. (ITIS)
Common Name: 
Yellow toadflax, Butter and eggs, wild snapdragon, common toadflax, ramsted, flaxweed, Jacob's ladder
Native To: 
Eurasia (Zouhar 2003)
Date of U.S. Introduction: 
Late 1600s (Zouhar 2003)
Means of Introduction: 
Introduced as an ornamental and medicinal plant (Zouhar 2003)
Impact: 
Crowds out native species (Zouhar 2003)

Distribution / Maps / Survey Status

Early Detection & Distribution Mapping System (EDDMapS) - Yellow Toadflax
University of Georgia. Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health.
Provides state, county, point and GIS data. Maps can be downloaded and shared.

Images

CalPhotos - Linaria vulgaris
University of California - Berkeley. Digital Library Project.
Google Images - Yellow Toadflax
Google.
Invasive.org - Yellow Toadflax
University of Georgia. Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health.

Videos

Montana's Noxious Weeds: Yellow Toadflax

Google. YouTube; Montana Department of Agriculture.

Selected Resources

The section below contains highly relevant resources for this species, organized by source. Or, to display all related content view all resources for Yellow Toadflax.

Council or Task Force
Fact Sheet: Yellow Toadflax (Jan 2014) (PDF | 448 KB)
Alberta Invasive Species Council (Canada).
See also: Fact Sheets for more information about individual invasive species, including those listed as "Prohibited Noxious" and "Noxious" under the Alberta Weed Control Act
Partnership
Alaska Exotic Plants Information Clearinghouse (AKEPIC): Species Biography - Yellow Toadflax (Mar 19, 2011) (PDF | 412 KB)
University of Alaska - Anchorage. Alaska Center for Conservation Science.
See also: Non-Native Plant Species List for additional factsheets (species biographies) and species risk assessment reports of non-native species present in Alaska and also non-native species currently not recorded in Alaska (potential invasives)
Global Invasive Species Database - Linaria vulgaris (herb)
IUCN. Species Survival Commission. Invasive Species Specialist Group.
Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States - Yellow Toadflax
University of Georgia. Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health.
Federal Government
Biology and Biological Control of Dalmatian and Yellow Toadflax, 3rd Edition (Jul 2016)
USDA. FS. Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team.
Fire Effects Information System (FEIS) - Linaria spp.
USDA. FS. Rocky Mountain Research Station. Fire Sciences Laboratory.
PLANTS Database - Butter and Eggs
USDA. NRCS. National Plant Data Center.
U.S. National Plant Germplasm System - Linaria vulgaris

USDA. ARS. National Genetic Resources Program. GRIN-Global.

State and Local Government
Dalmatian and Yellow Toadflax (PDF | 220 KB)

City and County of Butte-Silver Bow (Montana).

Encycloweedia: Data Sheet - Linaria genus
California Department of Food and Agriculture.
See also: Included on California's noxious weed list; see Encycloweedia: Program Details for additional resources
Noxious Weed Species - Yellow & Hybrid Toadflax

Colorado Department of Agriculture. Conservation Services Division. Noxious Weed Program.

Yellow-Toadflax: Options for Control (PDF | 573 KB)
Lincoln County Noxious Weed Control Board (Washington).
See also: Weed I.D. and Options for Control for more species
Academic
Weed Control in Natural Areas in the Western United States: Yellow Toadflax (2013) (PDF | 206 KB)
University of California. Weed Research and Information Center.
See also: Weeds in Natural Areas for more information sheets
Invasive Species Management in South Dakota - Yellow and Dalmatian Toadflax (Feb 2007) (PDF | 457 KB)
South Dakota State University.
See also: Extension Fact Sheets for more species.
Natural Resources Series: Range - Biology and Management of the Toadflaxes
Colorado State University Extension.
Ohio Perennial & Biennial Weed Guide - Yellow Toadflax
Ohio State University. Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center.
Weed Information - Yellow Toadflax
New Mexico State University.
Professional
Noxious Weed Information - Yellow Toadflax
Colorado Weed Management Association.
Weed Identification - Yellow Toadflax
Montana Weed Control Association.

Citations

  • Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Linaria vulgaris. [Accessed Mar 22, 2015].
  • Zouhar, K. 2003. Linaria spp. In: Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.