Hedera spp. (Green at al. 2013)
English ivy, Atlantic ivy, Irish ivy
Europe (Green at al. 2013)
Earliest records of naturalization are from the 1870s (Green at al. 2013)
Nursery trade (Green at al. 2013)
Competes with native plants and can spread into tree canopies (Yang 2013)
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Green, A.F., T.S. Ramsey, and J. Ramsey 2013. Polyploidy and invasion of English ivy (Hedera spp., Araliaceae) in North American forests. Biological Invasions 15:2219–2241.
Yang, Q., G. Wehjte, C.H. Gilliam, et al. 2013. English ivy (Hedera helix) control with postemergence-applied herbicides. Invasive Plant Science and Management 6(3):411-415.