Species not Established in the U.S.

The following species of concern represent examples of why we must increase our efforts in early detection and rapid response and to prevention of new introductions. See Manager's Tool Kit - Early Detection and Rapid Response: Species not Established in the U.S. for general resources and other species information.

• Asian gypsy moth
• Brown fir long-horned beetle
• Citrus long horned beetle
• European spruce bark beetle
• Khapra beetle
• Nun moth
• Screwworm
• Siberian moth
• Tropical bont tick

This information is provided as an educational tool and is not inclusive of all invasive animal species not yet established in the U.S.

Scientific name: Lymantria dispar dispar (Linnaeus)

Common name: Asian gypsy moth

Native To: Russia (Lee and Pemberton 2010)

Date of U.S. Introduction: North Carolina and Washington in 1997; Oregon in 2000 (APHIS 2003)

Images: Invasive.org and Google

Means of Introduction: From infested cargo in European ships (APHIS 2003)

Impact: Eradicated in North Carolina and Washington. It is a voracious pest of trees that poses a major threat to forest habitats in North America. (APHIS 2003)

Resources:
Photo comparison of Adult female Asian gypsy moth and Adult female European gypsy moth
Invasive.org.

Asian Gypsy Moth (Apr 2003; PDF | 49 KB)
USDA. APHIS. Plant Protection and Quarantine.

Asian Gypsy Moth Pest Alert (PDF | 337 KB)
New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets. Division of Plant Industry.

Scientific name: Callidiellum villosulum (Fairmaire)

Common name: Brown fir long-horned beetle

Native To: China (Zhu Chang-qing 1999)

Date of U.S. Introduction: n/a

Images: Google

Means of Introduction: Intercepted in several states in the Midwestern U.S. on artificial Christmas tree imported from China containing centerposts or bases made from Chinese fir (Ciesla 1999)

Impact: Attacks many species of native conifers. APHIS officials consider this beetle a significant quarantine pest of concern because it does not exist in the U.S. it attacks live trees, and although its economic impact is unknown, damage could be significant. According to inspectors, the beetle hitchhiked in the trunks of the trees, which are made of unprocessed wood. (Ciesla 1999)

Resources:
Callidiellum villosulum
North American Forest Commission. Exotic Forest Pest Information System.

Brown Fir Longhorned Beetle
Purdue University. Indiana Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey Program.

Scientific name: Anoplophora chinenis (Forster)

Common name: Citrus long horned beetle

Native To: China, Japan and Korea (CAB International 2011)

Date of U.S. Introduction: Washington 2001 – eradicated (Gyeltshen and Hodges 2005)

Images: Invasive.org and Google

Means of Introduction: Intercepted at nurseries in imported plants (Thomas 2004)

Impact: Attacks numerous species of hardwood trees including Citrus spp., but also pecan, apple, Australian pine, hibiscus, sycamore, willow, pear, mulberry, pigeon pea, China-berry, poplar, litchi, kumquat, Japanese red cedar, and Ficus. (Thomas 2004)

Resources:
Citrus Longhorned Beetle – Featured Creatures
University of Florida. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.

Anoplophora chinenis
North American Forest Commission. Exotic Forest Pest Information System.

Scientific name: Ips typographus (Linnaeus)

Common name: European spruce bark beetle

Native To: Europe and Asia (Wood and Bright 1992)

Date of U.S. Introduction: n/a

Images: Invasive.org and Google

Means of Introduction: Intercepted in packing crates and unprocessed wood items at ports (Haack 2001)

Impact: An outbreak in Germany at the end of World War II resulted in a loss of 30 million cubic meters of spruce. More recently an outbreak in Norway and Sweden between 1970 and 1982 following an episode of high winds resulted in a loss of 7 million cubic meters of spruce (Speight and Wainhouse 1989). If introduced into North America it could invade the forests of the northern U.S. and Canada. (Eglitis 2006)

Resources:
Ips typographus
North American Forest Commission. Exotic Forest Pest Information System.

Possible New Introduction – European Spruce Bark Beetle
Bugwood Network. Bark and Wood Boring Beetles of the World.

Scientific name: Trogoderma granarium Everts

Common name: Khapra beetle

Native To: Burma to West Africa (Anonymous 1981)

Date of U.S. Introduction: California 1953 - eradicated (Kerr 1981)

Images: Invasive.org and Google

Means of Introduction: Spread by shipment of infested commodities (Kerr 1981)

Impact: Is now established in much of Asia and Africa. Became temporarily established in the U.S., but was eradicated in 1966. Infests stored grain. (Harris 2009)

Resources:
Federal Import Orders - Khapra Beetle
USDA. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.

Featured Creatures: Khapra Beetle
University of Florida. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. 

Trogoderma granarium (insect) - ISSG Global Invasive Species Database
World Conservation Union. Invasive Species Specialist Group.

Scientific name: Lymantria monacha (Linnaeus)

Common name: Nun moth

Native To: Eurasia (FAO 2009)

Date of U.S. Introduction: n/a

Images: Invasive.org and Google

Means of Introduction: Could invade U.S. through shipping containers (Keena et al. 1995)

Impact: Feeds on conifers. Its establishment in this country would be disastrous because it feeds on a variety of vegetation and can migrate and colonize a variety of sites. (Griffin 2010)

Resources:
Nun Moth: Potential New Pest
USDA. FS. Northeastern Area.

Nun moth - The Atlas of Forest Insect Pests (1996)
BugwoodWiki.
Produced by: The Polish Forest Research Institute.

Scientific name: Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel)

Common name: Screwworm

Native To: South America and the Caribbean (CFSPH 2007)

Date of U.S. Introduction: Eradicated in the U.S. in 1960 (APHIS 2007)

Images: Google

Means of Introduction: Could be reintroduced in the U.S.. from an infested animal (CFSPH 20006)

Impact: Parasite that kills livestock and wildlife, particularly cattle (CFSPH 20006)

Resources:
International Screwworm Program
USDA. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.

Screwworm Eradication Program Records
USDA. National Agricultural Library.

Screwworm - Fast Facts (PDF | 95 KB)
Iowa State University. Center for Food Security and Public Health.

Scientific name: Dendrolimus superans Butler

Common name: Siberian moth

Native To: Russia (McBride 2002)

Date of U.S. Introduction: n/a

Images: Invasive.org and Google

Means of Introduction: Could be imported on infected plants (EPPO 20005)

Impact: Could damage conifer forests. Its potential for defoliation has to be considered at least comparable to that of the gypsy moth in deciduous forests, but its environmental impact would likely be much more severe. The biology of the Siberian moth is unusual and complex, and it has been difficult to control in its native habitat. There are no known introductions of the Siberian moth to North America. (McBride 2002)

Resources:
Fending Off Siberian Moths
USDA. Agricultural Research Service.

Siberian Moth: Potential New Pest (PDF | 322 KB)
USDA. FS. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.

Scientific name: Amblyomma variegatum    

Common name: Tropical bont tick

Native To: Sub-Saharan Africa (CFSPH 2009)

Date of U.S. Introduction: n/a

Images: Google

Means of Introduction: Introduced to the Caribbean in 1800s from infected cattle from Africa. Could be introduced to Florida from the Caribbean by migratory birds. (Barré et al. 1995)

Impact: Spreads fatal livestock and wildlife diseases. It infests cattle, sheep and goats, reducing meat and milk production on the islands. (CFSPH 2009)

Resources:
Tropical Bont Tick
USDA. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.

Tropical Bont Tick Fact Sheet (PDF | 65 KB)
Iowa State University. Center for Food Security and Public Health.

Citations

Anonymous. 1981. Data sheets on quarantine organisms. Trogoderma granarium Everts. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Bulletin 11 (1) Set 4, List A2, pp. 1-6.

APHIS. 2003. Asian Gypsy Moth (PDF | 49 KB). USDA. APHIS Factsheet. Plant Protection and Quarantine.

APHIS. 2007. International Screwworm Program. USDA. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.

Barré N.,G. Garris and E, Camus. Propagation of the tick Amblyomma variegatum in the Caribbean. Review of Science and Technology. 1995 September; Vol. 14, No. 3 pp. 841-55.

CAB International. 2011. Datasheets: Anoplophora chinensis (black and white citrus longhorn). Crop Protection Compendium.

Center for Food Security and Public Health. 2006. FastFacts: Screwworm (PDF | 95 KB). Iowa State University. SCRW_F0106.

Center for Food Security and Public Health. 2007. Screwworm Myiasis (PDF | 97 KB). Iowa State University. SCRW_A1007.

Center for Food Security and Public Health. 2009. Amblyomma variegatum: Tropical Bont Tick, Tropical African Bont Tick (PDF | 138 KB). Iowa State University. AMBV_A2009.

Ciesla, W.M. 1999. Callidiellum villosulum. North American Forest Commission. Exotic Forest Pest Information System.

Eglitis, A. 2006. Ips typographus. USDA Forest Service.

European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. 2005. Data sheets on quarantine pests: Dendrolimus sibiricus and Dendrolimus superans (PDF | 450 KB). Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 35, pp. 390–395.

Food and Agriculture Organization. 2009. Lymantria monacha (PDF | 417KB). In: Global review of forest pests and diseases. United Nations. FAO Forestry Paper 156.

Griffin, E. 2010. Nun moth (Lymantria monacha). BugwoodWiki. University of Georgia. Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health.

Gyeltshen, J. and A. Hodges. 2005. Featured Creatures: citrus longhorned beetle. University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.

Haack, R.A. 2001. Intercepted Scolytidae at U.S. ports of entry: 1985-2000 (PDF | 195 KB). Integrated Pest Management Reviews 6(3) 253-282.

Harris, D.L. 2009. Featured Creatures: khapra beetle. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry.

Keena M. K. Shields and M. Torsello. 1995. Nun Moth: Potential New Pest. USDA. Forest Service. Pest Alert NA-PR-95-98.

Kerr J.A. 1984. Khapra beetle returns. Pest Control 49 (12): 24-25.

Lee, J.H. and R.W. Pemberton. 2010. Parasitoid complex of the Asian gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in Primorye Territory, Russian Far East. Biocontrol science and technology. Vol. 20, No. 1-2, p. 197-211.

McBride, J. 2002. Fending Off Siberian Moths. USDA. ARS. News & Events.

Thomas M.C. (2004). Citrus Longhorned Beetle (CLB), Anoplophora chinensis (Forester). Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry Pest Alert.

Wood, S.L. and D.E. Bright. 1992. A catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera). Part 2: Taxonomic Index. Great Basin Naturalist Memoir 13, 1553 pp.

Zhu Chang-qing (editor). 1999. Insect fauna of Henan. Henan Scientific and Technological Publishing House.