Citrus Canker

Scientific name: Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri

Common names: Citrus canker, Citrus bacterial canker

Native To: Believed to have originated in Southeast Asia (Polek 2007)

Date of U.S. Introduction: First discovered in 1910, but eradicated in 1931; another outbreak was discovered in 1986, and again in 1995 (Dewdney 2009)

Images: Invasive.org and Google

Means of Introduction: First arrived in seedlings imported from Japan in 1910 (Dewdney 2009)

Impact: Bacterial disease that infects citrus trees, where it destroys fruit and causes decreased production (APHIS 1997)

Current U.S. Distribution: Central and Southern Florida

• Known Distribution of Citrus Canker/Citrus Greening (HLB) in Florida, updated weekly

Management Plans: Microbes / Citrus Health

Selected Internet Resources:

• Federal Government
• State Government
• University/Academic
• International
• Organizations

Citrus Canker: Identification in the Field and in the Laboratory (Mar 2001; PDF | 46 KB)
U.S. Agency for International Development.
Identification/Description; Habitat; Distribution

Xanthomonas axonopodis Article Citation Search - AGRICOLA Database
USDA. National Agricultural Library.
Research; Special Note: NAL Catalog Search (resources)

Citrus Canker
USDA. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.
Photographs; Controls; Legal Aspects

Citrus Canker (Jul 1997; PDF | 10 KB)
USDA. APHIS. Plant Protection and Quarantine.
Identification/Description; Introduction History; Impacts; Habitat; Dispersion; Controls

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri - Indian River Lagoon Species Inventory
Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce.
Taxonomy; Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Dispersion

State Government

Citrus Canker
Arizona Department of Agriculture.
Identification/Description; Photographs; Impacts; Life Cycle; Distribution

Citrus Canker Program
Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Plant Industry.
Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Habitat; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls; Legal Aspects

Pest: Citrus Canker (PDF | 124 KB)
Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry.
Photographs; Impacts; Distribution; Legal Aspects

Citrus Bacterial Canker Disease and Huanglongbing (Citrus Greening) (2007; PDF | 634 KB) - ANR Publication 8218
University of California. Agriculture and Natural Resources.
Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls

Ex Ante Economics of Exotic Disease Policy: Citrus Canker in California (Dec 2000; PDF | 178 KB)
University of California at Davis. Agricultural Issues Center.
Identification/Description; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls; Legal Aspects

Asiatic Citrus Canker, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri
University of California - Riverside. Center for Invasive Species Research.
Photographs; Impacts; Habitat; Distribution

The Costs and Benefits Associated with Eradicating Citrus Canker in Florida (Jul 2003; PDF | 478 KB)
University of Florida. Food and Resource Economics.
Introduction History; Impacts; Dispersion; Controls; Legal Aspects

A Citrus Canker Fact Sheet for Homeowners
University of Florida. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.
Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Dispersion; Controls

2012 Florida Citrus Pest Management Guide: Citrus Canker
University of Florida. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.
Identification/Description; Life Cycle; Dispersion; Controls

Field Identification of Citrus Canker Symptoms and Decontamination Procedures
University of Florida. IFAS. Southwest Florida Research and Education Center.
Identification/Description; Photographs

International

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri - Invasive Species Compendium (Beta)
CAB International.
Taxonomy; Identification/Description; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Controls

Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests: Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (PDF | 54 KB)
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization.
Taxonomy; Identification/Description; Impacts; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls; Special Note: Bibliography

Citrus Canker (PDF | 45 KB)
Government of Jamaica. Ministry of Agriculture.
Identification/Description; Photographs; Distribution; Dispersion

Citrus canker
New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Biosecurity New Zealand.
Identification/Description; Impacts; Distribution; Controls

Citrus canker (canker A)
Pests and Diseases Image Library (Australia).
Identification/Description; Photographs

Citrus bacterial canker - Pest Alert No. 22 (Aug 2000; PDF | 183 KB)
Secretariat of the Pacific Community. Plant Protection Service.
Identification/Description; Photographs; Impacts; Distribution

Citrus canker, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri: Exotic threat to Western Australia (2004; PDF | 99 KB)
Western Australia Department of Agriculture and Food.
Photographs; Impacts; Distribution

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (micro-organism) - ISSG Global Invasive Species Database
World Conservation Union. Invasive Species Specialist Group.
Taxonomy; Identification/Description; Photographs; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls

Citrus Canker: The Pathogen and Its Impact (Aug 2002)
American Phytopathological Society.
Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Dispersion; Legal Aspects

Citrus canker
Invasive.org.
Photographs

Citrus canker - A review (2003; PDF | 311 KB)
Journal of Applied Horticulture.
Identification/Description; Introduction History; Impacts; Life Cycle; Habitat; Distribution; Dispersion; Controls

Citations

Dewdney, M. M., P. D. Roberts, J. H. Graham, K. R. Chung, and M. Zekri. 2009. Homeowner Fact Sheet: Citrus Canker (PDF | 687 KB). University of Florida. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. PP194.

Polek, M., G. Vidalakis, and K. Godfrey. 2007. Citrus Canker: Identification in the Field and in the Laboratory (Mar 2001; PDF | 46 KB) University of California. Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Pub. 8218.

USDA. APHIS. 1997. Factsheet: Plant Protection & Quarantine: Citrus Canker (PDF | 10 KB).